1.2 Discrimination:

•Perception- See + Interpret: spatial awareness, geometry, word sums, hand eye co- ordination, un-neat hand writing. •Learning problems- struggle to copy from blackboard, lack of concentration.

Other symptoms of vestibular malfunction: 1. Post rotary Nystagmus test- tests if the vestibular system is over active or under-active. Underactive- only vestibular, passivity. Over active- vestibular and hemispherical, hyper active.

2. Muscle tone- the normal state of tension of muscles in the body while in a relaxed state. High muscle tone (hypertonia)- found in cerebral damage patients results in tightly contracted muscles. Low muscle tone (hypotonia)- Found in patients with learning disabilities, sloppy posture, tire easily, fidget a lot. Therapy- work on muscle tones by correcting posture, the position on the horse also corrects, trunk rotation and strengthening exercises.

3. Postural adjustment Mechanism- the ability to adjust the body when its position changes or environment changes. Effects – Balance, reflexes, trunk rotation. Results- Hemispherical integration> trunk rotation> spatial perception> swap letters and numbers> reading and spelling problems Therapy- just riding the horse stimulates this, trunk rotation and balance activities will help.

4. Bilateral integration- the ability to co-ordinate the use both limbs simultaneously. Results- does not want to hold book while writing, struggles with crossing the midline, struggles to eat with knife and fork. Therapy- do activities with both hands, clapping hands, playing with shaving cream in plate with both hands, crossing of the midline activities.

5. Laterality- the ability to have an accurate body concept and idea of where what is. Results- Discerning right and left, midline activities, writes the wrong way around. Therapy- Gross motor activities that involve crossing of midline, figure eight with arms.

6. Eye muscle co-ordination- Following with eyes, convergence, peripheral vision, localization. Results- visual foreground problems, reading, copying from blackboard.   Therapy- let the patient follow an object with their eyes, shift focus to near and far, work on peripheral.

7. Speech- one canal of the vestibular apparatus is for speech, thus stimulation by horse riding improves speech.

8. Proprioception- the ability to sense the position and space of the body Therapy- Apply pressure to ligaments around wrists (anxiety) and ankles (active), calming the patient and improving muscle tone.

9. Hand eye co-ordination and fine motor skills- hand eye co-ordination is used to perform any action ( throwing a ball), fine motor skills are used for precise movements.(colouring inside the lines) Therapy- Work on shoulder girdle, Daman se Brachiaton- ladder into class.

10. Praxis-the ability to formulate an idea and effectively execute it. Motor planning and oral Planning: 1. Ideation (Right brain) 2. Logic (Left brain) 3. Doing (Right and Left brain) Results- rhythm, repetition, judgement, work speed, scratching Therapy- repetitive activities that require motor planning.

11. Hemispherical integration- the ability of both sides of the brain to function effectively. Learning styles: Visual (right brain), Audio (left brain), Movement (both), Functional dominance- the preferred dominant hand, Genetic dominance- inherited dominance.